Brandom

Brandom gives the example of a parrot that has been trained to consistently respond to red visual stimuli by saying 'that's red'.

For Brandom, beliefs pertain to concepts: without the latter there can be no former.

Hence, only those entities capable of reasoning, through language in a social context, can for Brandom believe and thus have knowledge.

Recently, two prominent American philosophers, John McDowell and Robert Brandom (sometimes referred to as the " Pittsburgh Hegelians"), have produced philosophical works exhibiting a marked Hegelian influence.

The proposition is true, the mechanism that produced it is reliable, but Brandom is reluctant to say that the parrot knows it is seeing red because he thinks it cannot believe that it is.