Chloroplast in a sentence

After passing through the TOC complex in the outer chloroplast membrane, polypeptides must pass through the TIC complex ( translocon on the inner chloroplast membrane) which is located in the inner chloroplast membrane.

However, the cryptophyte is not an endosymbiont—only the chloroplast seems to have been taken, and the chloroplast has been stripped of its nucleomorph and outermost two membranes, leaving just a two-membraned chloroplast.

Both the chloroplast and cyanobacterium depicted are idealized versions (the chloroplast is that of a higher plant )—a lot of diversity exists among chloroplasts and cyanobacteria.

Chloroplast genome reduction and gene transfer Over time, many parts of the chloroplast genome were transferred to the nuclear genome of the host, citation a process called endosymbiotic gene transfer.

Even if a chloroplast is eventually lost, the genes it donated to the former host's nucleus persist, providing evidence for the lost chloroplast's existence.

However, hybridization has been observed among Orbignya and Phoenix'' species, and using chloroplast DNA in cladistic studies may produce inaccurate results due to maternal inheritance of the chloroplast DNA.

Navioideae is split from Pitcairnioideae based on its cochlear sepals and chloroplast DNA. citation Puyoideae has been re-classified multiple times and its monophyly remains controversial according to analyses of chloroplast DNA.

Scientists have attempted to observe chloroplast replication via electron microscopy since the 1970s. citation citation The results of the microscopy experiments led to the idea that chloroplast DNA replicates using a double displacement loop (D-loop).

The peridinin chloroplast is thought to be the dinophytes' "original" chloroplast, which has been lost, reduced, replaced, or has company in several other dinophyte lineages.

There is no proplastid differentiation—when an algal cell divides, its chloroplast divides along with it, and each daughter cell receives a mature chloroplast.

These chloroplasts are bounded by up to five membranes, (depending on whether you count the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast, or just the red algal derived chloroplast inside it).

In plants, Rubisco occurs throughout the chloroplast, but in algae, Rubisco molecules cluster together to form a distinct structure, the pyrenoid.

A dedication to pioneers of research on chloroplast structure.

Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes.

Among angiosperms, paternal chloroplast inheritance is observed more often in hybrids than in offspring from parents of the same species.

Among land plants, the contents of the chloroplast genome are fairly similar.

An important feature of these chloroplasts is that their chloroplast DNA is highly reduced and fragmented into many small circles.

As a result, protein synthesis must be coordinated between the chloroplast and the nucleus.

As a result, the chloroplast genome is heavily reduced compared to that of free-living cyanobacteria.

Biparental chloroplast inheritance—where plastid genes are inherited from both parent plants—occurs in very low levels in some flowering plants.