Confounders

Yet confounders are more obvious now.

And as Fortune notes, none of these models takes into account the way legal challenges, faithless electors (members of the electoral college who don’t vote for the candidate they’d pledged to), or other confounders might affect the outcome of a race.

A subsequent study that addressed this limitation by adjusting for time-varying confounders found no effect on mortality.

Our analyses did not account for confounders such as better fitness or an overall healthier lifestyle that could be associated with dog ownership.

Similarly, an IVF-associated incidence of autism and attention-deficit disorder are believed to be related to confounders of maternal and obstetric factors.