Congeners

Congeners can be esters, which produce a fruity or floral flavor, or complex alcohols, which can taste strong and aromatic.

Cadmium and its congeners are not always considered transition metals, in that they do not have partly filled d or f electron shells in the elemental or common oxidation states.

Congeners that have chlorine in the 2, 3, 7, and 8 positions have been found to be significantly toxic.

Francium superoxide (FrO 2 ) is expected to have a more covalent character than its lighter congeners ; this is attributed to the 6p electrons in francium being more involved in the francium–oxygen bonding.

In periods 8 and above of the periodic table, relativistic and shell-structure effects become so strong that extrapolations from lighter congeners become completely inaccurate.

It is the third-least dense of all elemental metals, behind only its congeners potassium and lithium.

The coplanar PCBs, known as nonortho PCBs because they are not substituted at the ring positions ortho to (next to) the other ring, (i.e. PCBs 77, 126, 169, etc.), tend to have dioxin -like properties, and generally are among the most toxic congeners.

There are 75 different PCDD congeners (that is, related dioxin compounds).

Therefore exist hypothesis that PCB congeners are present as byproduct in some current commercial pigments.

Thorough milling leads to fewer congeners and generally a more desirable product.

Unlike distillation, freeze distillation concentrates poisonous congeners rather than removing them; As a result, many countries prohibit such applejack as a health measure.