Excitations

Assuming that sound waves are the most important excitations in helium-4 at low temperatures, he showed that helium-4 flowing past a wall would not spontaneously create excitations if the flow velocity was less than the sound velocity.

However, efficient ablation in liquid has remained a great challenge because plasma excitations are hindered by the unavoidable generation of shockwaves and microbubbles, as well as dramatic liquid pressure changes surrounding the ablation region.

By matching both the timescales and modes for relaxation behaviors, the LANP team built up a picture of a characteristic dynamics of low-energy plasmonic excitations in the anionic PAHs.

Because the group velocity for such a field is superluminal, naively it appears that its excitations propagate faster than light.

By our current understanding, these elementary particles are excitations of the quantum fields that also govern their interactions.

From the momentum and flow velocity of the excitations he could then define a "normal fluid" density, which is zero at zero temperature and increases with temperature.

From the point of view of quantum field theory, particles are identical if and only if they are excitations of the same underlying quantum field.

Inelastic scattering is useful for probing such excitations of matter, but not in determining the distribution of scatterers within the matter, which is the goal of X-ray crystallography.

Instead, the imaginary mass creates an instability in the configuration:- any configuration in which one or more field excitations are tachyonic will spontaneously decay, and the resulting configuration contains no physical tachyons.

Namely, the potential is assumed to be of the hard-sphere type. citation citation citation In these models the famous Landau (roton) spectrum of excitations is qualitatively reproduced.

The first pillar is the quantization of the electromagnetic field, i.e., it is about photons as the quantized excitations or 'quanta' of the electromagnetic field.

These indicate the presence of line-like excitations such as vortex - or defect lines.

The strangeness of dreams is due to the format of long-term memory, reminiscent of Penfield & Rasmussen's findings that electrical excitations of the cortex give rise to experiences similar to dreams.

Within each sub-level system, the fast transitions ensure that thermal equilibrium is reached quickly, leading to the Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics of excitations among sub-levels in each system (fig.1).