Germanium

Another source of germanium is fly ash of power plants fueled from coal deposits that contain germanium.

Germanium "metal" (isolated germanium) is used as a semiconductor in transistors and various other electronic devices.

Organogermanes of the type R 4 Ge (where R is an alkyl ) such as tetramethylgermane ( Ge(CHmain )main ) and tetraethylgermane are accessed through the cheapest available germanium precursor germanium tetrachloride and alkyl nucleophiles.

The n-doped germanium would have an excess of electrons, and the p-doped germanium would have an excess of holes.

BEIJING (Reuters) -China's export controls on some gallium and germanium products take effect on Tuesday, with traders braced for a drop in international supply in August and September while exporters sort out newly required permits.

BEIJING (Reuters) – U.S. semiconductor wafer maker AXT Inc said its Chinese subsidiary Beijing Tongmei had received initial export permits for shipping gallium arsenide and germanium substrates – compounds key to chipmaking – to certain customers.

But it was notable that the visit still coincided with the punitive action that China took against the U.S. by announcing the export restrictions on gallium and germanium products.

Germanium is used for infrared devices and in solar panels on military satellites.

It did introduce export controls this month on gallium and germanium, two rare earth elements used in semiconductor manufacturing.

Last month, China retaliated against Western export controls with its own sweeping restrictions on gallium and germanium, two crucial chipmaking inputs.

In a sign that China intends to fight back strongly against the latest move, shortly after Washington’s announcement Beijing banned exports to the United States of the critical minerals gallium, germanium and antimony.

The MHM also has a thin, porous germanium (Pr-Ge) coating.

Color coding of atomic species: germanium, red; tin, green.

After much experimentation, they found that there was simply no way the germanium -based transistors could be run much faster than those used in the 1604.

After neutralization, only the zinc stays in solution while germanium and other metals precipitate.

A whisker-like wire is placed lightly in contact with a solid crystal (such as a germanium crystal) in order to detect a radio signal by the contact junction effect.

Because it seldom appears in high concentration, germanium was discovered comparatively late in the history of chemistry.

Bell Labs also developed a germanium diode for microwave reception, and AT&T used these in their microwave towers that criss-crossed the nation starting in the late 1940s, carrying telephone and network television signals.

Brattain reported: "Using this double point contact, contact was made to a germanium surface that had been anodized to 90 volts, electrolyte washed off in H2O and then had some gold spots evaporated on it.

By June 1948, witnessing currents flowing through point-contacts, Mataré produced consistent results using samples of germanium produced by Welker, similar to what Bardeen and Brattain had accomplished earlier in December 1947.