Holism

Tansley took up the battle against Smuts’ holism in his 1935 article “The Use and Abuse of Vegetational Concepts and Terms”.

Holism is based upon the belief that it is not possible to understand learning of any kind by analyzing small chunks of the learning system.

However, Duhem's holism is much more restricted and limited than Quine's.

Learning theory The idea of "whole" language has its basis in a range of theories of learning related to the epistemologies called " holism ".

Moreover, the criterion of verification is to be applied to the system as a whole (see semantic holism ) and not to single sentences.

The Austrian-English philosopher Karl Popper condemned historicism along with the determinism and holism which he argued formed its basis.

The conflict between reductionism and holism in science is not universal—it usually centers on whether or not a holistic or reductionist approach is appropriate in the context of studying a specific system or phenomenon.

The principle of holism was concisely summarized by Aristotle in the Metaphysics: "The whole is more than the sum of its parts".

This publication launched a debate between ecological holism and individualism that lasted until the 1970s.