Ionize

Helium and neon, both noble gases, and therefore very stable, are difficult to ionize – to change the number of electrons in each atom.

A fast-moving sail would ionize this hydrogen by accelerating the electrons in one direction and the oppositely charged protons in the other direction.

A hydroxide attached to a strongly electropositive center may itself ionize, liberating a hydrogen cation (H + ), making the parent compound an acid.

A photoabsorbed photon transfers all its energy to the electron with which it interacts, thus ionizing the atom to which the electron was bound and producing a photoelectron that is likely to ionize more atoms in its path.

As the secondary coil's energy (and output voltage) continue to increase, larger pulses of displacement current further ionize and heat the air at the point of initial breakdown.

Because the majority of electrons are trapped in the Hall current, they have a long residence time inside the thruster and are able to ionize almost all of the Xenon propellant, allowing mass utilizations of 90–99%.

Detection main Neutrinos cannot be detected directly, because they do not ionize the materials they are passing through (they do not carry electric charge and other proposed effects, like the MSW effect, do not produce traceable radiation).

For high energy gamma it largely relies on interaction of the photon radiation with the tube wall material, usually 1–2 mm of chrome steel on a "thick-walled" tube, to produce electrons within the wall which can enter and ionize the fill gas.

In addition, high-energy (high-speed) neutrons have the ability to directly ionize atoms.

In order to increase the purity of the isobaric beam, laser ionization can take place inside the ionizer cavity to selectively ionize a single element chain of interest.

One mechanism by which high energy neutrons ionize atoms is to strike the nucleus of an atom and knock the atom out of a molecule, leaving one or more electrons behind as the chemical bond is broken.

Removing anode (plate) voltage lets the gas de-ionize, restoring its non-conductive state.

Such an engine typically uses electric power, first to ionize atoms, and then to create a voltage gradient to accelerate the ions to high exhaust velocities.

The Auger effect allows one to multiply ionize an atom with a single photon.

The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them.

The energy required for this is always larger than about 10 electron volts (eV) corresponding with wavelengths smaller than 124 nm (some sources suggest a more realistic cutoff of 33 eV, which is the energy required to ionize water).

The ideal propellant is thus easy to ionize and has a high mass/ionization energy ratio.

The lower comb (7) develops a high electric field at its points that also becomes large enough to ionize air molecules.

The plasma core allows the gas to ionize and operate at even higher effective temperatures.

The radiation decay products ionize genetic material, causing mutations that sometimes turn cancerous.