Isotropic

Therefore, for a theoretical isotropic antenna ( ), the received power is described by a formula: : where is a power density of an electromagnetic wave at a location of theoretical isotropic receiving antenna.

Three-dimensional reconstruction Because contemporary CT scanners offer isotropic or near isotropic resolution, display of images does not need to be restricted to the conventional axial images.

At low ion-pair concentrations, a 1au ion pair loses its liquid crystal structure and becomes optically isotropic, interacting uniformly with light.

Antenna (radio) An isotropic antenna is an idealized " radiating element " used as a reference ; an antenna that broadcasts power equally (calculated by the Poynting vector ) in all directions.

As the isotropic phase would not significantly affect the polarization of the light, it would appear very dark, whereas the crystal and liquid crystal phases will both polarize the light in a uniform way, leading to brightness and color gradients.

Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Radiance fields (see BRDF ) from a reflective surface are often not isotropic in nature.

A transverse wave is one in which the amplitude vector is orthogonal to k, which is the case for electromagnetic waves in an isotropic medium.

Biology ; Cell biology : If the properties of the cell wall are more or less the same everywhere, it is said to be isotropic.

Contrary to the clear implications of many reference sources, the previous analysis is not restricted to homogeneous, isotropic bulk systems which can deliver only PdV work to the outside world, but applies even to the most structured systems.

Crystals whose point symmetry group falls in the cubic system are isotropic: the index does not depend on direction.

Example: 3D isotropic harmonic oscillator The Schrödinger equation of a spherically-symmetric three-dimensional harmonic oscillator can be solved explicitly by separation of variables; see this article for the present case.

For instance, on heating a particular type of LC molecule (called mesogen ) may exhibit various smectic phases followed by the nematic phase and finally the isotropic phase as temperature is increased.

For some systems, a cubic (also called viscous isotropic) phase may exist between the hexagonal and lamellar phases, wherein spheres are formed that create a dense cubic lattice.

Here homogeneous means that the universe is the same everywhere (no preferred origin) and isotropic implies that there is no preferred direction.

Hermitian vector spaces and spinors If the vector space V has extra structure that provides a decomposition of its complexification into two maximal isotropic subspaces, then the definition of spinors (by either method) becomes natural.

However a true isotropic radiator cannot be built, so in practice a different antenna is used.

In every direction, the power gain of an isotropic antenna is equal to the efficiency, and hence is always at most 1, though it can and ideally should exceed 1 for a directional antenna.

In fact this applies to non-Cartesian spaces as long as they are locally homogeneous and isotropic; specifically to the negatively and positively curved spaces frequently considered as cosmological models (see shape of the universe ).

In June 1880, he presented his habilitation thesis, Gleichgewichtszustände isotroper Körper in verschiedenen Temperaturen (Equilibrium states of isotropic bodies at different temperatures).

Interval as area The interval has been presented as the area of an oriented rectangle formed by two events and isotropic lines through them.