Orientalists

Although Spanish orientalists such as Marià Fortuny, Josep Tapiró and Francisco Lameyer are generally lesser known than their French counterparts, Moreno believes they nevertheless belonged to the “international mainstream” of artists at the time.

Historicity debate Since William Muir, the historicity of this episode has been largely accepted by orientalists.

Meeting him secretly by night, the group made what is known as the " Second Pledge of al-`Aqaba ", or, in Orientalists' view, the "Pledge of War".

Some orientalists, however, argued against the historic authenticity of these verses on various grounds.