Overtopping

An AFP journalist saw the Salinas River overtopping its banks in many spots, at times covering farm fields for hundreds of yards, even as the rain continued under leaden skies.

The village was given the warning after flood defences started overtopping and water levels at the local gauge was merely centimetres below its record level set in 2000.

This will lead to wave overtopping, some coastal flooding and damage, especially along western and southern coasts.

A statement by Sepa said: “Due to a combination of strong winds and large waves, there is a risk of flooding from spray and wave overtopping.

According to the laboratory tests, empirical correlations related to average overtopping discharge were derived to analyze the resistance of levee against erosion.

Coastal Engineering.56: 244–259 studied the effect of combination of wave overtopping and storm surge overflow on the erosion and scour generation in levees.

Factors that cause levee failure include overtopping, erosion, structural failures, and levee saturation.

If aggradation continues to occur in the main channel, this will make levee overtopping more likely again, and the levees can continue to build up.

Laboratory study of combined wave overtopping and storm surge overflow of a levee.

Levee erosion by overtopping in New Orleans during the Katrina Hurricane.

Predicting soil erosion and scour generation when overtopping happens is important in order to design stable levee and floodwalls.

Scour Characteristics of Saturated Levees Due to Floodwall Overtopping.