Pharynx

In the hagfish, the pouches connect with the pharynx internally and a separate tube which has no respiratory tissue (the pharyngocutaneous duct) develops beneath the pharynx proper, expelling ingested debris by closing a valve at its anterior end.

After removing Kedian’s cancerous larynx, they transplanted the donated one plus necessary adjoining tissues — thyroid and parathyroid glands, the pharynx and upper part of the trachea — and tiny blood vessels to supply them.

Tumours can also develop in the glands that produce saliva, the tonsils at the back of the mouth, and the part of the throat connecting your mouth to your windpipe (pharynx).

He was left barely able to speak or swallow after suffering what is called 'perforation of the pharynx'.

The oral cavity includes the lips, tongue, cheeks, floor of the mouth, palate (roof of the mouth), sinuses and pharynx (throat).

An esophagus follows and leads to the posterior of the pharynx and in some species forms a form of crop.

A set of "valve cells" connects the pharynx to the intestine, but how this valve operates is not understood.

Elevation of the pharynx widens it to receive food and drink; elevation of the larynx causes the epiglottis to move down and form a lid over the glottis, closing it off.

In addition, placing objects in the pharynx usually triggers a gag reflex that stops voicing and closes the larynx.

In general, however, they possess a pair of jaws and a pharynx that can be rapidly everted, allowing the worms to grab food and pull it into their mouths.

In some species, the pharynx secretes enzymes to digest the host's skin, allowing the parasite to feed on blood and cellular debris.

In some species, there are pores in the pharynx opening to the ventral surface; these contain valves and may allow egestion of any excess water swallowed while feeding.

Instead a muscular pharynx leads to an extensively branched digestive system that facilitates direct diffusion of nutrients to all cells.

Larynx valve structure between the trachea (windpipe) and the pharynx (the upper throat) that is the primary organ of voice production.

Most other turbellarians have a pharynx that is eversible (can be extended by being turned inside-out), and the mouths of different species can be anywhere along the underside.

No direct connection exists between the pharynx and the excretory canal, which functions in the release of liquid urine.

Preserving life In order to stay alive, all persons need to have an open airway—a clear passage where air can move in through the mouth or nose through the pharynx and down into the lungs, without obstruction.

Rachael-Anne Knight(2012), Phonetics- A course book, Cambridge University Press, p.27 Upper lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, and pharynx wall are passive articulators.

Some species break up and soften food first by secreting enzymes in the gut or pharynx (throat).

Some turbellarians have a simple pharynx lined with cilia and generally feed by using cilia to sweep food particles and small prey into their mouths, which are usually in the middle of their undersides.