Hidden Variables in a sentence

If such a hidden variables theory exists, then because the hidden variables are not described by QM the latter would be an incomplete theory.

Metaphysical aspects Most advocates of the hidden-variables idea believe that experiments have ruled out local hidden variables.

A 2007 experiment ruled out a large class of non-Bohmian non-local hidden variable theories. citation If the hidden variables can communicate with each other faster than light, Bell's inequality can easily be violated.

Animal-welfare specialists such as Mason and Garner argue that scientists should worry about these hidden variables not only because they could influence research but also because of their ethical implications.

A critical finding was that quantum mechanics can make statistical predictions which would be violated if local hidden variables really existed.

Bohm and Hiley later stated that they found Bohm's choice of the term "hidden variables" to be too restrictive.

But that conclusion rested on the seemingly reasonable assumptions of locality and realism (together called "local realism" or " local hidden variables ", often interchangeably).

Experimental results confirm the predictions of quantum mechanics, ruling out Einstein's basic assumption that led him to the suggestion of his hidden variables.

He considered, but rejected on theoretical grounds, a particular proposal for hidden variables to obviate the indeterminism or acausality of quantum mechanical measurement.

However, for the quantum correlations arising in the specific example considered, those constraints are not satisfied, hence the phenomenon being studied cannot be explained by a local hidden variables theory.

In the EPR paper (1935), the authors realised that quantum mechanics was inconsistent with their assumptions, but Einstein nevertheless thought that quantum mechanics might simply be augmented by hidden variables (i.

It turns out that there is a much more serious challenge to the idea of hidden variables.

John Bell, Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, 1987, p. 65. No physical theory of local hidden variables can ever reproduce all of the predictions of quantum mechanics.

Resolving the paradox Hidden variables There are several ways to resolve the EPR paradox.

So the no-enhancement hypothesis cannot be true in a local hidden variables model.

The Copenhagen interpretation rules that say the wave function "collapses" at the time of measurement, so there must be action at a distance (entanglement) or the positron must know more than it's supposed to know (hidden variables).

The possibility existed that some unknown theory, such as a hidden variables theory, might be able to predict those quantities exactly, while at the same time also being in complete agreement with the probabilities predicted by QM.

There are also individual EPR-like experiments that have no local hidden variables explanation.

This introduces an instability, a feedback loop that pushes the hidden variables out of "sub-quantal heat death".

This modern resolution eliminates the need for hidden variables, action at a distance or other structures introduced over time in order to explain the phenomenon.