Ratifications

Campaign groups still hope the treaty will come into force in 2025, but say ratifications are badly lagging.

But based on a novel legal theory originating with a law student’s paper, ERA proponents are claiming that the three modern ratifications in Nevada, Illinois, and most recently Virginia can be counted alongside the 35 from half a century ago.

The relevant international agreement with the highest number of ratifications so far is the 2004 Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime (also called the ), which guides international prosecution and extradition of cyber criminals.

Also, the Court ruled that Tennessee and West Virginia's certifying of their ratifications was binding and had been duly authenticated by the Secretary of State.

Among them were the ex-Confederate states of Virginia and Louisiana, where ratifications were submitted by Reconstruction governments.

Following 60 ratifications, the Rome Statute entered into force on 1 July 2002 and the International Criminal Court was formally established.

In Dillon v. Gloss (1921), the Supreme Court upheld Congress's power to prescribe time limitations for state ratifications and intimated that proposals which were clearly out of date were no longer open for ratification.

Judicial review relies on the jurisdictional authority in Article III, and the Supremacy Clause.sfn The justification for judicial review is to be explicitly found in the open ratifications held in the states and reported in their newspapers.

Ratifications by 16 of the signatories were exchanged in Paris on 7 October 1920.

Ratifications were exchanged on 11 July 1923.

The ERA was three states shy of the necessary 38 ratifications as the March 22, 1979, ratification deadline approached.

Upon receiving the necessary number of state ratifications, it is the duty of the Archivist to issue a certificate proclaiming a particular amendment duly ratified and part of the Constitution.

When the President was slow to officially report ratifications of the Fourteenth Amendment by the new Southern legislatures, Congress passed a bill, again over his veto, requiring him to do so within ten days of receipt.